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"US Terrorism, The Historical Record"
January 26, 2004 - 2:02pm -- jim
"U.S. Terrorism: The Historical Record
Four Lists of Invasions, State Terrorism, Attempted Regime Changes, and Support for Dictatorships
U.S. Terrorism and Genocide of the Central
American, South American and Caribbean Peoples:
Brazil 1961-1964,
British Guiana/Guyana 1953-1964,
Chile 1964-1973,
Colombia 1960s-Present,
Costa Rica Mid-1950s, 1970-71
Cuba 1959-Present.
Dominican Republic 1963-1966,
El Salvador 1980-Present,
Grenada 1979-1984,
Guatemala 1953-Present,
Haiti 1959,
Haiti 1987-1994
Nicaragua 1981-1990,
Panama 1989,Here's another list of American State terrorist activity:
Afghanistan 1979-1992
Afghanistan 2001-Present
Albania 1949-1953
America and Africa 1607-1890
Brazil 1961-1964
British Guiana/Guyana 1953-1964
Cambodia 1955-1973
Chile 1964-1973
China 1945-1951
Colombia 1960s-Present
Congo/Zaire 1961-Present
Costa Rica Mid-1950s, 1970-71
Cuba 1959-Present
Dominican Republic 1963-1966
Dresden, Germany February 1945
East Timor 1975-1999
Eastern Europe 1948-1956
El Salvador 1980-Present
France 1947
Germany, Italy, Europe 1950s
Greece 1947-1949
Greece 1964-1974
Grenada 1979-1984
Guatemala 1953-Present
Haiti 1959
Haiti 1987-1994
Hiroshima & Nagasaki August 1945
Indonesia 1957-1958
Indonesia 1965
Iran 1953
Iran 1988
Iraq 1963
Iraq 1991-2003
Iraq 2003,
Italy 1947-1948
Italy 1947-1970s
Japan, Germany, France 1942-1945
Korea 1945-1953
Laos 1957-1973
Libya 1981-1989
Marshall Islands 1946-1958
Middle East 1956-1958
Nicaragua 1981-1990
Palestine 1948-Present
Philippines 1899-1902
Philippines 1945-1953
Somalia 1993
Soviet Union 1940s-1960s
Thailand 1965-1973
Vietnam 1945-1974
Western Europe 1950s-1960s
Yugoslavia 1992-Present
Consider also a list of attempted regime changes by American imperialism:
1893 - Hawaii (Liliuokalani; monarchist): success (OF)
1912 - China (Piyu; monarchist): success (OF)
1918 - Panama (Arias; center-right):
1919 - Hungary (Kun; communist):
1920 - USSR (Lenin; communist): failure (OF)
1924 - Honduras (Carias; nationalist):
1934 - United States (Roosevelt; liberal): failure (CO)
1945 - Japan (Higashikuni; rightist): success (OF)
1946 - Thailand (Pridi; conservative):
1946 - Argentina (Peron; military/centrist): failure (SE)
1947 - France (*; communist):
1947 - Philippines (*; center-left):
1947 - Romania (Gheorghiu-Dej; stalinist): failure (CO)
1948 - Italy (*, communist):
1948 - Colombia (Gaitan; populist/leftist):
1948 - Peru (Bustamante; left/centrist):
1949 - Syria (Kuwatli; neutralist/Pan-Arabist):
1949 - China (Mao; communist): failure (CO)
1950 - Albania (Hoxha; communist): failure (CO)
1951 - Bolivia (Paz; center/neutralist):
1951 - DPRK (Kim; stalinist): failure (OF)
1951 - Poland (Cyrankiewicz; stalinist): failure (CO)
1951 - Thailand (Phibun; conservative):
1952 - Egypt (Farouk; monarchist):
1952 - Cuba (Prio; reform/populist):
1952 - Lebanon (*; left/populist): success: (SE)
1953 - British Guyana (*; left/populist):
1953 - Iran (Mossadegh; liberal nationalist):
1953 - Costa Rica (Figueres; reform liberal): failure (CO)
1953 - Philippines (*; center-left):
1954 - Guatemala (Arbenz; liberal nationalist): success (OF)
1955 - Costa Rica (Figueres; reform liberal): failure (CO)
1955 - India (Nehru; neutralist/socialist): failure (CO)
1955 - Argentina (Peron; military/centrist):
1955 - China (Zhou; communist): failure (CO)
1955 - Vietnam (Ho; communist):
1956 - Hungary (Hegedus; communist):
1957 - Egypt (Nasser; military/nationalist): failure (CO)
1957 - Haiti (Sylvain; left/populist):
1957 - Syria (Kuwatli; neutralist/Pan-Arabist): failure (CO)
1958 - Japan (*; left-center):
1958 - Chile (*; leftists):
1958 - Iraq (Feisal; monarchist):
1958 - Laos (Phouma; nationalist):
1958 - Sudan (Sovereignty Council; nationalist):
1958 - Lebanon (*; leftist):
1958 - Syria (Kuwatli; neutralist/Pan-Arabist): failure (CO)
1958 - Indonesia (Sukarno; militarist/neutralist): failure (SE)
1959 - Laos (Phouma; nationalist):
1959 - Nepal (*; left-centrist):
1959 - Cambodia (Sihanouk; moderate/neutralist): failure (CO)
1960 - Ecuador (Ponce; left/populist):
1960 - Laos (Phouma; nationalist):
1960 - Iraq (Qassem; rightist /militarist): failure (CO)
1960 - S. Korea (Syngman; rightist):
1960 - Turkey (Menderes; liberal):
1961 - Haiti (Duvalier; rightist/militarist):
1961 - Cuba (Castro; communist): failure (CO)
1961 - Congo (Lumumba; leftist/pan-Africanist):
1961 - Dominican Republic (Trujillo; rightwing/military):
1962 - Brazil (Goulart; liberal/neutralist): failure (SE)
1962 - Dominican Republic (*; left/populist):
1962 - Indonesia (Sukarno; militarist/neutralist): failure (CO)
1963 - Dominican Republic (Bosch; social democrat):
1963 - Honduras (Montes; left/populist):
1963 - Iraq (Qassem; militarist/rightist):
1963 - S. Vietnam (Diem; rightist):
1963 - Cambodia (Sihanouk; moderate/neutralist): failure (CO)
1963 - Guatemala (Ygidoras; rightist/reform):
1963 - Ecuador (Velasco; reform militarist):
1963 - United States (Kennedy; liberal):
1964 - Guyana (Jagan; populist/reformist):
1964 - Bolivia (Paz; centrist/neutralist):
1964 - Brazil (Goulart; liberal/neutralist):
1964 - Chile (Allende; social democrat/marxist):
1965 - Indonesia (Sukarno; militarist/neutralist):
1966 - Ghana (Nkrumah; leftist/pan-Africanist):
1966 - Bolivia (*; leftist):
1966 - France (de Gaulle; centrist): failure (CO)
1967 - Greece (Papandreou; social democrat):
1968 - Iraq (Arif; rightist):
1969 - Panama (Torrijos; military/reform populist): failure (CO)
1969 - Libya (Idris; monarchist):
1970 - Bolivia (Ovando; reform nationalist):
1970 - Cambodia (Sihanouk; moderate/neutralist):
1970 - Chile (Allende; social democrat/Marxist): failure (SE)
1971 - Bolivia (Torres; nationalist/neutralist):
1971 - Costa Rica (Figueres; reform liberal): failure (CO)
1971 - Liberia (Tubman; rightist):
1971 - Turkey (Demirel; center-right):
1971 - Uruguay (Frente Amplio; leftist):
1972 - El Salvador (*; leftist):
1972 - Australia (Whitlam; liberal/labor): failure (SE)
1973 - Chile (Allende; social democrat/Marxist):
1974 - United States (Nixon; centrist):
1975 - Australia (Whitlam; liberal/labor):
1975 - Congo (Mobutu; military/rightist): failure (CO)
1975 - Bangladesh (Mujib; nationalist):
1976 - Jamaica (Manley; social democrat): failure (SE)
1976 - Portugal (JNS; military/leftist):
1976 - Nigeria (Mohammed; military/nationalist):
1976 - Thailand (*; rightist):
1976 - Uruguay (Bordaberry; center-right):
1977 - Pakistan (Bhutto: center/nationalist):
1978 - Dominican Republic (Balaguer; center):
1979 - S. Korea (Park; rightist):
1979 - Nicaragua (Sandinistas; leftist): failure (CO)
1980 - Bolivia (Siles; centrist/reform):
1980 - Iran (Khomeini; Islamic nationalist): failure (CO)
1980 - Italy (*; leftist):
1980 - Liberia (Tolbert; rightist):
1980 - Jamaica (Manley; social democrat):
1980 - Dominica (Seraphin; leftist):
1980 - Turkey (Demirel; center-right):
1981 - Seychelles (René; socialist): failure (CO)
1981 - Spain (Suarez; rightist/neutralist): failure (CO)
1981 - Panama (Torrijos; military/reform populist);
1981 - Zambia (Kaunda; reform nationalist): failure (CO)
1982 - Mauritius (*; center-left): failure (SE)
1982 - Spain (Suarez; rightist/neutralist):
1982 - Iran (Khomeini; Islamic nationalist): failure (CO)
1982 - Chad (Oueddei; Islamic nationalist):
1983 - Mozambique (Machel; socialist): failure (CO)
1983 - Grenada (Bishop; socialist): success (OF)
1984 - Panama (*; reform/centrist):
1984 - Nicaragua (Sandinistas; leftist): failure (SE)
1984 - Surinam (Bouterse; left/reformist/neutralist):
1984 - India (Gandhi; nationalist):
1986 - Libya (Qaddafi; Islamic nationalist): failure (OF)
1987 - Fiji (Bavrada; liberal):
1989 - Panama (Noriega; military/reform populist): success (OF)
1990 - Haiti (Aristide; liberal reform): failure (SE)
1990 - Nicaragua (Ortega; Christian socialist):
1991 - Albania (Alia; communist):
1991 - Haiti (Aristide; liberal reform):
1991 - Iraq (Hussein; military/rightist): failure (OF)
1991 - Bulgaria (BSP; communist):
1992 - Afghanistan (Najibullah; communist):
1993 - Somalia (Aidid; right/militarist): failure (OF)
1993 - Cambodia (Han Sen/CPP; leftist): failure (SE)
1993 - Burundi (Ndadaye; conservative):
1993 - Azerbaijan (Elchibey; reformist):
1994 - El Salvador (*; leftist):
1994 - Rwanda (Habyarimana; conservative):
1994 - Ukraine (Kravchuk; center-left):
1995 - Iraq (Hussein; military/rightist): failure (CO)
1996 - Bosnia (Karadzic; centrist):
1996 - Russia (Zyuganov; communist):
1996 - Congo (Mobutu; military/rightist):
1996 - Mongolia (*; center-left):
1998 - Congo (Kabila; rightist/military):
1998 - United States (Clinton; conservative): failure (CO)
1998 - Indonesia (Suharto; military/rightist):
1999 - Yugoslavia (Milosevic; left/nationalist):
2000 - United States (Gore; conservative):
2000 - Ecuador (NSC; leftist): success: (CO)
2001 - Afghanistan (Omar; rightist/Islamist): success (OF)
2001 - Belarus (Lukashenko; leftist): failure (SE)
2001 - Nicaragua (Ortega; Christian socialist):
2001 - Nepal (Birendra; nationalist/monarchist):
2002 - Venezuela (Chavez; reform-populist): failure (CO)
2002 - Bolivia (Morales; leftist/MAS):
2002 - Brazil (Lula; center-left): failure (SE)
Here is a list of benign or bloody dictators supported by the US Government
over the years:
Abacha, Sani (Nigeria: 1993-2000)
Afwerki, Isaias (Eritrea: 1993-2002)
Amin, Idi (Uganda: 1971-1979)
Arévalo, Marco (Guatemala: 1985-1991)
Bakr, Ahmad (Iraq: 1968-1979)
Banzer Suarez, Hugo (Bolivia: 1971-1978)
Bao Dai (Vietnam: 1949-1955)
Barak, Ehud (Israel: 1999-2001)
Barre, Siad (Somalia: 1979-1991)
Batista, Fulgencio (Cuba: 1940-44/1952-1959)
Begin, Menachem (Israel: 1977-1983)
Ben-Gurion, David (Israel: 1948-1953, 1955-1963)
Betancourt Bello, Rumulo (Venezuela: 1959-1964)
Bokassa, Jean-Bedel (Central African Republic: 1966-1976)
Bolkiah, Sir Hassanal (Brunei: 1984-2002)
Botha, P.W. (South Africa: 1978-1989)
Branco, Humberto (Brazil: 1964-1966)
Carmona, Pedro (Venezuela: 2002)
Cedras, Raoul (Haiti: 1991)
Chamoun, Camille (Lebanon: 1952-1958)
Chiang Kai-shek (China: 1928-1949/Taiwan: 1949-1975)
Christiani, Alfredo (El Salvador: 1989-1994)
Chun Doo Hwan (S. Korea: 1980-1988)
Cordova, Roberto (Honduras: 1981-1985)
Diaz, Porfirio (Mexico: 1876-1911)
Diem, Ngo Dinh (S. Vietnam: 1955-1963)
Doe, Samuel (Liberia: 1980-90)
Duvalier, Francois (Haiti: 1957-1971)
Duvalier, Jean Claude (Haiti: 1971-1986)
Eshkol, Levi (Israel: 1963-1969)
Fahd bin'Abdul-'Aziz (Saudi Arabia: 1969-2002)
Feisal, King (Iraq: 1939-1958)
Franco, Francisco (Spain: 1937-1975)
Fujimori, Alberto (Peru: 1990-2002)
Habre, Hissen (Chad: 1982-1990);
Hassan II (Morocco: 1961-1999)
Hitler, Adolf (Germany: 1933-1939)
Hussein, King (Jordan: 1952-1999)
Hussein, Saddam (Iraq: 1979-1990)
Kabila, Laurent (CDR: 1997-1998)
Karzai, Hamid (Afghanistan: 2001-2002)
Khan, Ayub (Pakistan: 1958-1969)
Koirala, B. (Nepal: 1959-1960)
Lon Nol (Cambodia: 1970-1975)
Marcos, Ferdinand (Philippines: 1965-1986)
Martinez, Maximiliano (El Salvador: 1931-1944)
Meir, Golda (Israel: 1969-1974)
Meles Zenawi (Ethiopia: 1995-2002)
Mobutu Sese Seko (Zaire: 1965-1997)
Moi, Daniel (Kenya: 1978-2002)
Montt, Efrain (Guatemala: 1982-1983)
Mubarak, Hosni (Egypt: 1981-2002)
Museveni, Yoweri (Uganda: 1986-2002)
Musharaf, Pervez (Pakistan: 1999-2002)
Mussolini, Benito (Italy: 1922-1939)
Netanyahu, Benjamin (Israel: 1996-1999)
Noriega, Manuel (Panama: 1983-1989)
Odria, Manuel (Peru: 1948-1956)
Omar, Mohamed (Afghanistan: 1996-2001)
Ozal, Turgut (Turkey: 1989-1993)
Pahlevi , Rezi (Iran: 1953-1979)
Papadopoulos, George (Greece: 1967-1973)
Park Chung Hee (S. Korea: 1960-1979)
Pastrana, Andres (Colombia: 1998-2002)
Peres, Shimon (Israel: 1977, 1984-1986, 1995-1996)
Perez Jimenez, Marcos (Venezuela: 1952-58)
Pinilla, Gustavo (Colombia: 1953-1957)
Pinochet, Augusto (Chile: 1973-1990)
Pol Pot (Cambodia: 1975-1998)
al-Qaddafi, Muammar (Libya: 1969-1971)
Rabin, Yitzhak (Israel: 1974-1977, 1992-1995)
Rabuka, Sitiveni (Fiji: 1987, 1992-1999)
Al Sadat, Anwar (Egypt: 1970-1981)
Selassie, Halie (Ethiopia: 1941-1974)
Salazar, Antonio (Portugal: 1932-1968)
Saud, Abdul Aziz (Saudi Arabia: 1944-1969)
Seaga, Edward (Jamaica: 1980-1989)
Shamir, Yitzhak (Israel: 1983-1984; 1986-1992)
Sharett, Moshe (Israel: 1953-1955)
Sharon, Ariel (Israel: 2001-2002)
Smith, Ian (Rhodesia: 1965-1979)
Somoza Sr., Anastasio (Nicaragua: 1936-1956)
Somoza Jr., Anastasio (Nicaragua: 1963-1979)
Stroessner, Alfredo (Paraguay: 1954-1989)
Suharto, General (Indonesia: 1966-1999)
Syngman Rhee (S. Korea: 1948-1960)
Tolbert, William (Liberia: 1971-1980)
Trujillo, Rafael (Dominican Republic: 1930-1960)
Tubman, William (Liberia: 1944-1971)
Uribe, Alvaro (Colombia: 2002)
Videla, Jorge (Argentina: 1976-1981)
Yeltsin, Boris (Russia: 1991-1999)
Zaim, Hosni (Syria: 1949)
Zia Ul-Haq, Mohammed (Pakistan: 1977-1988)
"U.S. Terrorism: The Historical Record
Four Lists of Invasions, State Terrorism, Attempted Regime Changes, and Support for Dictatorships
U.S. Terrorism and Genocide of the Central
American, South American and Caribbean Peoples:
Brazil 1961-1964,
British Guiana/Guyana 1953-1964,
Chile 1964-1973,
Colombia 1960s-Present,
Costa Rica Mid-1950s, 1970-71
Cuba 1959-Present.
Dominican Republic 1963-1966,
El Salvador 1980-Present,
Grenada 1979-1984,
Guatemala 1953-Present,
Haiti 1959,
Haiti 1987-1994
Nicaragua 1981-1990,
Panama 1989,Here's another list of American State terrorist activity:
Afghanistan 1979-1992
Afghanistan 2001-Present
Albania 1949-1953
America and Africa 1607-1890
Brazil 1961-1964
British Guiana/Guyana 1953-1964
Cambodia 1955-1973
Chile 1964-1973
China 1945-1951
Colombia 1960s-Present
Congo/Zaire 1961-Present
Costa Rica Mid-1950s, 1970-71
Cuba 1959-Present
Dominican Republic 1963-1966
Dresden, Germany February 1945
East Timor 1975-1999
Eastern Europe 1948-1956
El Salvador 1980-Present
France 1947
Germany, Italy, Europe 1950s
Greece 1947-1949
Greece 1964-1974
Grenada 1979-1984
Guatemala 1953-Present
Haiti 1959
Haiti 1987-1994
Hiroshima & Nagasaki August 1945
Indonesia 1957-1958
Indonesia 1965
Iran 1953
Iran 1988
Iraq 1963
Iraq 1991-2003
Iraq 2003,
Italy 1947-1948
Italy 1947-1970s
Japan, Germany, France 1942-1945
Korea 1945-1953
Laos 1957-1973
Libya 1981-1989
Marshall Islands 1946-1958
Middle East 1956-1958
Nicaragua 1981-1990
Palestine 1948-Present
Philippines 1899-1902
Philippines 1945-1953
Somalia 1993
Soviet Union 1940s-1960s
Thailand 1965-1973
Vietnam 1945-1974
Western Europe 1950s-1960s
Yugoslavia 1992-Present
Consider also a list of attempted regime changes by American imperialism:
1893 - Hawaii (Liliuokalani; monarchist): success (OF)
1912 - China (Piyu; monarchist): success (OF)
1918 - Panama (Arias; center-right):
1919 - Hungary (Kun; communist):
1920 - USSR (Lenin; communist): failure (OF)
1924 - Honduras (Carias; nationalist):
1934 - United States (Roosevelt; liberal): failure (CO)
1945 - Japan (Higashikuni; rightist): success (OF)
1946 - Thailand (Pridi; conservative):
1946 - Argentina (Peron; military/centrist): failure (SE)
1947 - France (*; communist):
1947 - Philippines (*; center-left):
1947 - Romania (Gheorghiu-Dej; stalinist): failure (CO)
1948 - Italy (*, communist):
1948 - Colombia (Gaitan; populist/leftist):
1948 - Peru (Bustamante; left/centrist):
1949 - Syria (Kuwatli; neutralist/Pan-Arabist):
1949 - China (Mao; communist): failure (CO)
1950 - Albania (Hoxha; communist): failure (CO)
1951 - Bolivia (Paz; center/neutralist):
1951 - DPRK (Kim; stalinist): failure (OF)
1951 - Poland (Cyrankiewicz; stalinist): failure (CO)
1951 - Thailand (Phibun; conservative):
1952 - Egypt (Farouk; monarchist):
1952 - Cuba (Prio; reform/populist):
1952 - Lebanon (*; left/populist): success: (SE)
1953 - British Guyana (*; left/populist):
1953 - Iran (Mossadegh; liberal nationalist):
1953 - Costa Rica (Figueres; reform liberal): failure (CO)
1953 - Philippines (*; center-left):
1954 - Guatemala (Arbenz; liberal nationalist): success (OF)
1955 - Costa Rica (Figueres; reform liberal): failure (CO)
1955 - India (Nehru; neutralist/socialist): failure (CO)
1955 - Argentina (Peron; military/centrist):
1955 - China (Zhou; communist): failure (CO)
1955 - Vietnam (Ho; communist):
1956 - Hungary (Hegedus; communist):
1957 - Egypt (Nasser; military/nationalist): failure (CO)
1957 - Haiti (Sylvain; left/populist):
1957 - Syria (Kuwatli; neutralist/Pan-Arabist): failure (CO)
1958 - Japan (*; left-center):
1958 - Chile (*; leftists):
1958 - Iraq (Feisal; monarchist):
1958 - Laos (Phouma; nationalist):
1958 - Sudan (Sovereignty Council; nationalist):
1958 - Lebanon (*; leftist):
1958 - Syria (Kuwatli; neutralist/Pan-Arabist): failure (CO)
1958 - Indonesia (Sukarno; militarist/neutralist): failure (SE)
1959 - Laos (Phouma; nationalist):
1959 - Nepal (*; left-centrist):
1959 - Cambodia (Sihanouk; moderate/neutralist): failure (CO)
1960 - Ecuador (Ponce; left/populist):
1960 - Laos (Phouma; nationalist):
1960 - Iraq (Qassem; rightist /militarist): failure (CO)
1960 - S. Korea (Syngman; rightist):
1960 - Turkey (Menderes; liberal):
1961 - Haiti (Duvalier; rightist/militarist):
1961 - Cuba (Castro; communist): failure (CO)
1961 - Congo (Lumumba; leftist/pan-Africanist):
1961 - Dominican Republic (Trujillo; rightwing/military):
1962 - Brazil (Goulart; liberal/neutralist): failure (SE)
1962 - Dominican Republic (*; left/populist):
1962 - Indonesia (Sukarno; militarist/neutralist): failure (CO)
1963 - Dominican Republic (Bosch; social democrat):
1963 - Honduras (Montes; left/populist):
1963 - Iraq (Qassem; militarist/rightist):
1963 - S. Vietnam (Diem; rightist):
1963 - Cambodia (Sihanouk; moderate/neutralist): failure (CO)
1963 - Guatemala (Ygidoras; rightist/reform):
1963 - Ecuador (Velasco; reform militarist):
1963 - United States (Kennedy; liberal):
1964 - Guyana (Jagan; populist/reformist):
1964 - Bolivia (Paz; centrist/neutralist):
1964 - Brazil (Goulart; liberal/neutralist):
1964 - Chile (Allende; social democrat/marxist):
1965 - Indonesia (Sukarno; militarist/neutralist):
1966 - Ghana (Nkrumah; leftist/pan-Africanist):
1966 - Bolivia (*; leftist):
1966 - France (de Gaulle; centrist): failure (CO)
1967 - Greece (Papandreou; social democrat):
1968 - Iraq (Arif; rightist):
1969 - Panama (Torrijos; military/reform populist): failure (CO)
1969 - Libya (Idris; monarchist):
1970 - Bolivia (Ovando; reform nationalist):
1970 - Cambodia (Sihanouk; moderate/neutralist):
1970 - Chile (Allende; social democrat/Marxist): failure (SE)
1971 - Bolivia (Torres; nationalist/neutralist):
1971 - Costa Rica (Figueres; reform liberal): failure (CO)
1971 - Liberia (Tubman; rightist):
1971 - Turkey (Demirel; center-right):
1971 - Uruguay (Frente Amplio; leftist):
1972 - El Salvador (*; leftist):
1972 - Australia (Whitlam; liberal/labor): failure (SE)
1973 - Chile (Allende; social democrat/Marxist):
1974 - United States (Nixon; centrist):
1975 - Australia (Whitlam; liberal/labor):
1975 - Congo (Mobutu; military/rightist): failure (CO)
1975 - Bangladesh (Mujib; nationalist):
1976 - Jamaica (Manley; social democrat): failure (SE)
1976 - Portugal (JNS; military/leftist):
1976 - Nigeria (Mohammed; military/nationalist):
1976 - Thailand (*; rightist):
1976 - Uruguay (Bordaberry; center-right):
1977 - Pakistan (Bhutto: center/nationalist):
1978 - Dominican Republic (Balaguer; center):
1979 - S. Korea (Park; rightist):
1979 - Nicaragua (Sandinistas; leftist): failure (CO)
1980 - Bolivia (Siles; centrist/reform):
1980 - Iran (Khomeini; Islamic nationalist): failure (CO)
1980 - Italy (*; leftist):
1980 - Liberia (Tolbert; rightist):
1980 - Jamaica (Manley; social democrat):
1980 - Dominica (Seraphin; leftist):
1980 - Turkey (Demirel; center-right):
1981 - Seychelles (René; socialist): failure (CO)
1981 - Spain (Suarez; rightist/neutralist): failure (CO)
1981 - Panama (Torrijos; military/reform populist);
1981 - Zambia (Kaunda; reform nationalist): failure (CO)
1982 - Mauritius (*; center-left): failure (SE)
1982 - Spain (Suarez; rightist/neutralist):
1982 - Iran (Khomeini; Islamic nationalist): failure (CO)
1982 - Chad (Oueddei; Islamic nationalist):
1983 - Mozambique (Machel; socialist): failure (CO)
1983 - Grenada (Bishop; socialist): success (OF)
1984 - Panama (*; reform/centrist):
1984 - Nicaragua (Sandinistas; leftist): failure (SE)
1984 - Surinam (Bouterse; left/reformist/neutralist):
1984 - India (Gandhi; nationalist):
1986 - Libya (Qaddafi; Islamic nationalist): failure (OF)
1987 - Fiji (Bavrada; liberal):
1989 - Panama (Noriega; military/reform populist): success (OF)
1990 - Haiti (Aristide; liberal reform): failure (SE)
1990 - Nicaragua (Ortega; Christian socialist):
1991 - Albania (Alia; communist):
1991 - Haiti (Aristide; liberal reform):
1991 - Iraq (Hussein; military/rightist): failure (OF)
1991 - Bulgaria (BSP; communist):
1992 - Afghanistan (Najibullah; communist):
1993 - Somalia (Aidid; right/militarist): failure (OF)
1993 - Cambodia (Han Sen/CPP; leftist): failure (SE)
1993 - Burundi (Ndadaye; conservative):
1993 - Azerbaijan (Elchibey; reformist):
1994 - El Salvador (*; leftist):
1994 - Rwanda (Habyarimana; conservative):
1994 - Ukraine (Kravchuk; center-left):
1995 - Iraq (Hussein; military/rightist): failure (CO)
1996 - Bosnia (Karadzic; centrist):
1996 - Russia (Zyuganov; communist):
1996 - Congo (Mobutu; military/rightist):
1996 - Mongolia (*; center-left):
1998 - Congo (Kabila; rightist/military):
1998 - United States (Clinton; conservative): failure (CO)
1998 - Indonesia (Suharto; military/rightist):
1999 - Yugoslavia (Milosevic; left/nationalist):
2000 - United States (Gore; conservative):
2000 - Ecuador (NSC; leftist): success: (CO)
2001 - Afghanistan (Omar; rightist/Islamist): success (OF)
2001 - Belarus (Lukashenko; leftist): failure (SE)
2001 - Nicaragua (Ortega; Christian socialist):
2001 - Nepal (Birendra; nationalist/monarchist):
2002 - Venezuela (Chavez; reform-populist): failure (CO)
2002 - Bolivia (Morales; leftist/MAS):
2002 - Brazil (Lula; center-left): failure (SE)
Here is a list of benign or bloody dictators supported by the US Government
over the years:
Abacha, Sani (Nigeria: 1993-2000)
Afwerki, Isaias (Eritrea: 1993-2002)
Amin, Idi (Uganda: 1971-1979)
Arévalo, Marco (Guatemala: 1985-1991)
Bakr, Ahmad (Iraq: 1968-1979)
Banzer Suarez, Hugo (Bolivia: 1971-1978)
Bao Dai (Vietnam: 1949-1955)
Barak, Ehud (Israel: 1999-2001)
Barre, Siad (Somalia: 1979-1991)
Batista, Fulgencio (Cuba: 1940-44/1952-1959)
Begin, Menachem (Israel: 1977-1983)
Ben-Gurion, David (Israel: 1948-1953, 1955-1963)
Betancourt Bello, Rumulo (Venezuela: 1959-1964)
Bokassa, Jean-Bedel (Central African Republic: 1966-1976)
Bolkiah, Sir Hassanal (Brunei: 1984-2002)
Botha, P.W. (South Africa: 1978-1989)
Branco, Humberto (Brazil: 1964-1966)
Carmona, Pedro (Venezuela: 2002)
Cedras, Raoul (Haiti: 1991)
Chamoun, Camille (Lebanon: 1952-1958)
Chiang Kai-shek (China: 1928-1949/Taiwan: 1949-1975)
Christiani, Alfredo (El Salvador: 1989-1994)
Chun Doo Hwan (S. Korea: 1980-1988)
Cordova, Roberto (Honduras: 1981-1985)
Diaz, Porfirio (Mexico: 1876-1911)
Diem, Ngo Dinh (S. Vietnam: 1955-1963)
Doe, Samuel (Liberia: 1980-90)
Duvalier, Francois (Haiti: 1957-1971)
Duvalier, Jean Claude (Haiti: 1971-1986)
Eshkol, Levi (Israel: 1963-1969)
Fahd bin'Abdul-'Aziz (Saudi Arabia: 1969-2002)
Feisal, King (Iraq: 1939-1958)
Franco, Francisco (Spain: 1937-1975)
Fujimori, Alberto (Peru: 1990-2002)
Habre, Hissen (Chad: 1982-1990);
Hassan II (Morocco: 1961-1999)
Hitler, Adolf (Germany: 1933-1939)
Hussein, King (Jordan: 1952-1999)
Hussein, Saddam (Iraq: 1979-1990)
Kabila, Laurent (CDR: 1997-1998)
Karzai, Hamid (Afghanistan: 2001-2002)
Khan, Ayub (Pakistan: 1958-1969)
Koirala, B. (Nepal: 1959-1960)
Lon Nol (Cambodia: 1970-1975)
Marcos, Ferdinand (Philippines: 1965-1986)
Martinez, Maximiliano (El Salvador: 1931-1944)
Meir, Golda (Israel: 1969-1974)
Meles Zenawi (Ethiopia: 1995-2002)
Mobutu Sese Seko (Zaire: 1965-1997)
Moi, Daniel (Kenya: 1978-2002)
Montt, Efrain (Guatemala: 1982-1983)
Mubarak, Hosni (Egypt: 1981-2002)
Museveni, Yoweri (Uganda: 1986-2002)
Musharaf, Pervez (Pakistan: 1999-2002)
Mussolini, Benito (Italy: 1922-1939)
Netanyahu, Benjamin (Israel: 1996-1999)
Noriega, Manuel (Panama: 1983-1989)
Odria, Manuel (Peru: 1948-1956)
Omar, Mohamed (Afghanistan: 1996-2001)
Ozal, Turgut (Turkey: 1989-1993)
Pahlevi , Rezi (Iran: 1953-1979)
Papadopoulos, George (Greece: 1967-1973)
Park Chung Hee (S. Korea: 1960-1979)
Pastrana, Andres (Colombia: 1998-2002)
Peres, Shimon (Israel: 1977, 1984-1986, 1995-1996)
Perez Jimenez, Marcos (Venezuela: 1952-58)
Pinilla, Gustavo (Colombia: 1953-1957)
Pinochet, Augusto (Chile: 1973-1990)
Pol Pot (Cambodia: 1975-1998)
al-Qaddafi, Muammar (Libya: 1969-1971)
Rabin, Yitzhak (Israel: 1974-1977, 1992-1995)
Rabuka, Sitiveni (Fiji: 1987, 1992-1999)
Al Sadat, Anwar (Egypt: 1970-1981)
Selassie, Halie (Ethiopia: 1941-1974)
Salazar, Antonio (Portugal: 1932-1968)
Saud, Abdul Aziz (Saudi Arabia: 1944-1969)
Seaga, Edward (Jamaica: 1980-1989)
Shamir, Yitzhak (Israel: 1983-1984; 1986-1992)
Sharett, Moshe (Israel: 1953-1955)
Sharon, Ariel (Israel: 2001-2002)
Smith, Ian (Rhodesia: 1965-1979)
Somoza Sr., Anastasio (Nicaragua: 1936-1956)
Somoza Jr., Anastasio (Nicaragua: 1963-1979)
Stroessner, Alfredo (Paraguay: 1954-1989)
Suharto, General (Indonesia: 1966-1999)
Syngman Rhee (S. Korea: 1948-1960)
Tolbert, William (Liberia: 1971-1980)
Trujillo, Rafael (Dominican Republic: 1930-1960)
Tubman, William (Liberia: 1944-1971)
Uribe, Alvaro (Colombia: 2002)
Videla, Jorge (Argentina: 1976-1981)
Yeltsin, Boris (Russia: 1991-1999)
Zaim, Hosni (Syria: 1949)
Zia Ul-Haq, Mohammed (Pakistan: 1977-1988)